THE
SECOND EVOLUTION
BY
DANNY VENDRAMINI
Q&A,
FEEDBACK AND DISCUSSION
PAGE 3 (OF 4)
Professor
Jaak Panksepp
Distinguished Research Professor Emeritus of Psychology and Adjunct
Professor of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts
NB. This letter was edited slightly to remove
private information not relevant to the discussion.
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Dear Danny,
I agree with your thesis that "Darwin might have missed something", but
so would most people who have thought about such matters. After all he
knew nothing about genes, etc. etc. etc. and concepts can only go so
far, where facts will eventually have to guide ones thinking.
I agree the good and evil (i.e., positive and negative affect) have to
be coded into the system by the genes, but I really see no evidence yet
that this is mostly in the noncoding regions of DNA. I expect the most
of it will eventually be found in coding regions already discovered for
a variety of affectively positive and negative
neurochemsitries.
I agree that affective experience is part of the inherited sets of
tools for living that many animals have, and we already know very much
about the underlying brain systems and also the neurochemistries, and
none of it, in to my knowledge, yet requires us to look for the main
solution in the noncoding DNA regions.
My challenge to you would be to ask what kind of scientific predictions
you would make that could dramatically either support or disconfirm
your theory. I am not aware of any realistic ones (i.e., ones that
could be evaluated using present technologies) that you have yet
generated. Without that, your "insight" resembles more of the
type of valuable thinking that is common in the humanities than in the
sciences. . . but perhaps I am not thinking clearly at the moment,
while sitting and waiting for my wife at the University of Idaho
libarary. .. in a wonderful little town called Moscow. Do
let me know if you are ever in this little corner of the world, and it
would be a delight to meet you in person.
Best wishes in your explorations, and I do look forward to future
instalments of your thinking/work.
Jaak
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DV: Reply
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Dear Jaak,
Hope you're enjoying your new life at Washington State. Thanks for the
invitation. If I'm ever in those parts, I'd love nothing better than to
chat with you.
Thanks for your thoughts on noncoding DNA and emotions. They're much
appreciated. May I suggest a few reasons while I can't see complex
innate behaviours and emotions being encrypted in protein coding areas
of DNA.
Firstly, genes code for proteins, from which cells and physical organs
are
created - the body's 'hardware' if you like. Although innate behaviours
and
emotions use this hardware, they are in fact more akin to 'software,'
being
essentially mediums of ephemeral information. Can emotions be coded from
proteins or is the molecular chemistry more specialised than that?
Secondly, protein coding genes rely on mutations which are known to be
random. While it's easy to see how random mutations can fuel
incremental,
gradualistic physical evolution, lots of innate behaviours and instincts
reflect the organism's current environment, (for instance, what a
particular
predator or food source looks like) things that are external to the
genome
and to which the mutational process is blind. For example, can a random
mutation encode in turkeys the precise shape and flight characteristics
of
its principal predator, the hawk, so that newly hatched turkey chicks
will
run for cover when they see a hawk flying overhead (Tinbergen, 1948) but
will not do so when they see a pigeon or other nonpredatory bird. It
seems
more plausible that some evolutionary adjunct emerged that allowed the
organism's current environment to instruct the genome with adaptive
information?
Third, so far, no protein coding sequence has yet been discovered that
corresponds to a complex innate behaviour, whereas Hammock and Young
(2002) announced they discovered a 400 nucleotide sequence of noncoding
DNA that precisely corresponded to monogamy in prairie voles. Is this
genetic
evidence of a teem? Possibly.
Finally, you asked, what does teem theory predict and explain? On my web
site, at http://www.thesecondevolution.com/implications.html
I've just listed about 20 currently unexplained biological
phenomena that teem theory appears to explain and predict.
Included is the Cambrian explosion, the ubiquitous presence of emotions
in multicellular animals, the function of ncDNA and why it is conserved
in a wide range of metazoan genomes from mice to humans,
inconsistencies in the fossil record that have baffled palaeontologists
for over a century, speciation, blindsight, synaesethesia, etc.
I guess though that where we differ most is that I don't subscribe to
the
Skinnerian idea that the brain is the sole creator of emotions. I argue
that
when a CNS receives sensory stimuli from sensory organs, it produces
'patterned neuronal activity' which the CNS of even the simplest
organism
can interpret as distinctive emotions. The teemosis process simply
allows
some of these emotions to be archived in DNA and accessed by
descendents. In
this way, each species builds up its own unique library of emotions
which in
turn, precipitate specific behaviours.
All the best.
Danny
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Fran Bonier
University of Washington
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Dr. Vendramini,
First - I'm not a Dr. yet, still at least a year away from it. I'm a
PhD candidate at the University of Washington.
Second - your theory is certainly radical. I would like to see an
explanation of the molecular model of translation of emotions into
mutations, and an explanation of the subsequent spread of those
identical mutations to all of the germ cells (difficult given that
human females have all of their ova at the time of their birth). And
then an explanation of how the mutations code for an emotion. Without
these basics, there isn't any way that one can assess the potential
validity of your theory. I study corticosterone, and do not know of any
actions that it has that actually alter DNA. It impacts expression of
genes, but not their sequences.
Third - you describe natural selection as the one and only mode of
evolution, negelcting drift and sexual selection (among others). So
your evolutionary force is not really the "second" one. And I do not
agree that macroevolution requires a different evolutionary force from
microevolution, and feel there is sufficient evidence to show that most
macroevolutionary change has occurred gradually, as any evolutionary
change does.
Good luck with your work. Hope my feedback is useful.
Best,
Fran Bonier
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| DV: Reply |
Dear Fran,
Thanks for your
prompt and interesting response. The points you make are
certainly thought provoking.
I appreciate you
want specific details and
proofs supporting “the molecular model of translation of emotions into
mutations, and an explanation of the subsequent spread of those
identical
mutations to all of the germ cells.” While papers 1-5 certainly provide
many
details, along with copious references, (including references
supporting the
prediction of inheritable stress induced mutations of noncoding DNA,)
I’m the
first to admit these papers don’t provide the kind of detailed
molecular and
genetic evidence you (and other life scientists) would rightly expect.
This of course
doesn’t mean the theory is flawed. It simply reflects the fact that
theory precedes observation, often by many years. For example, although
Darwin and Wallace first put forward their theories of natural
selection in 1859, it wasn’t until the 1950s that the molecular
mechanisms of natural selection, (ie, point mutations, DNA, RNA,
proteins, polypeptides, genes, etc.) were fully understood and
accepted. Similarly, although Gregor Mendel published his theory of
inheritance in 1865, it took another fifty years to identify and
articulate the molecular-genetic mechanisms of inheritance.
While teem theory
appears to explain a raft of diverse biological phenomena, from
instincts and emotions to the Cambrian explosion and the capricious
permutations of the fossil record, verification, (or rejection) of the
theory will only come gradually, from experimenters, clinicians and
hands on researchers such as yourself.
This won’t be an
easy task. Because the teemosis evolutionary system mediates a complex
biological interaction between the environment and the genome, it is
inordinately complex, and will be difficult to extrapolate from the
parallel Mendelian inheritance system. Because of this, in my book,
‘The Second Evolution’ I predict that it will take geneticists and
molecular biologists at least ten years to unravel the myriad genetic
infrastructure of teemosis and understand all its genetic elements. I
also think it will take at least two decades to fully decipher the
emotional language contained in noncoding nucleotides of DNA.
So while I
appreciate you would like to see concrete proofs provided for all the
elements of teem theory (just as I would), I’m afraid these may take
some time. In the meantime, teem theory provides a guide - a map that
experimenters, clinicians and researchers can use to help verify, amend
or refute the theory.
Your second point –
that genetic drift and sexual selection are evolutionary processes – so
teemosis can’t be a ‘second’ evolutionary process, also makes a good
point and requires a response.
While some text
books argue that drift and sexual selection are evolutionary processes,
I take a different view, based on the fact that the real evolutionary
engine of natural selection is the mutational process. I suggest that
because genetic drift and sexual selection both rely on random
mutations of protein-coding genes to effect inheritable modifications
of physical traits, they are both examples of natural selection. All
they really do is determine which trait gets selected. The actual
‘evolution’ is achieved by the mutational process.
So while natural
selection, sexual selection and genetic drift all rely on the same
evolutionary process (random mutations of protein-coding genes),
teemosis uses non-random mutations of non-protein-coding nucleotides to
achieve a different (non-physical) kind of evolution.
This is not just
semantics. Teemosis is unique as an evolutionary process in as much as
it doesn’t moderate the evolution of physical traits as all the natural
selection processes do. It only moderates the inheritance of emotional
traits.
Finally, you write,
“I do not agree that macroevolution requires a different evolutionary
force from microevolution, and feel there is sufficient evidence to
show that most macroevolutionary change has occurred gradually..”
Despite being a
widely held opinion, especially among older biologists, I suggest this
idea is not actually supported by current scientific data. In fact, the
hard evidence of the fossil record clearly demonstrates that for the
first 3.2 billion years of life on earth, NS didn’t produce anything
even remotely resembling biological complexity or diversity
(macroevolution,) a scenario that is completely at odds with Darwin’s
gradualistic, incremental model of evolution.
Macroevolution only
became a feature of evolution about 543 million years ago, and dates
precisely to the emergence of the teemosis evolutionary process.
Thanks again for
your very interesting and valuable feedback.
Kind regards
Danny Vendramini
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Jeff Garcia
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Good site. [Fran]
Bonier says there’s evidence
that macroevolutionary change occurs gradually, a fairly presumptuous
statement
even for a student. Like most biofolk, she assumes macroevolution isthe
result
of selection because that’s the only kind of evolution her text books
talk
about, As someone whos burnt the midnight oil trying to crunch the kind
of numbers
of random mutations you need to produce
anything vaguely complex, the idea that there’s some nonrandom
machinery producing
complexity makes a whole lot of sense. What we need is a mathematically
realistic explanation for macroevolution something that doesn’t
rely on the
mega odds lottery of random genes. If this theory of yours can do that
and
it looks like maybe it can that’s a fairly important step.
Jeff Garcia
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Werner Meyer
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I have
read
the papers that touch on my own field of genetics and find the material
very interesting. Though I cannot remark on aspects that are outside my
area of competence,
your case for a second genetic code in eukaryotic DNA is strongly
argued and entirely plausible. A
very convincing hypothesis indeed. It has given me much to think
of.
cordially,
Werner
Meyer
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Robin Allott
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Thank you for your email.
I will look at your site. The idea seems
interesting.
Robin Allott
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| Steve
Rosenberg (1) |
Danny,
My compliments on your web
site and well presented ideas. A number of questions spring to mind but
I'll start with just one. Your theory seems to support the chief
premise of evolutionary
psychology, ie. that human nature evolved during
the Pleistocene epoch preponderantly
to help hunter-gatherer
ancestors solve adaptive problems related to hominization. But if my reading of your material is correct,
you claim the cognitive and psychological faculties that evolved to provide
domain-specific adaptations are emotions rather than specialized
computational brain circuits as proposed by Tooby, Cosmides and
others. Can you clarify this?
best wishes,
Steve
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DV: Reply (1)
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Dear Steve,
Thanks for your interesting question which gets to the core of what
'human nature' really is. If human nature was exclusively a function of
brain-based (cortical) modules, you would expect it to reflect the
precision and
exactitude of cognitive thought - ie. rational, precise, cogent. It
doesn't. Human nature appears to be made up of nebulous ephemeral
elements - desires,
urges, preferences, fears, inclinations, needs, etc. which ultimately
are all emotions. This fits with the teem theory prediction that human
nature is not a collection of
inherited
thoughts, logic sequences or deductions. It is a collection of
inherited feelings.
This model explains
why human nature can provide humans with a universal preference for
‘park-like surroundings’ but it can't precisely name what trees or
shrubs make up that preference. This is because emotions can’t
proscribe specific concrete information. A human nature teem can provide men
with an innate preference for women 'shorter than myself' (because
‘relative height’ can be encoded emotionally) but it can’t provide an
innate preference for a specific height. It can’t encode a preference
for a female 5’ 7” tall for instance. The corollary of all this is that
all the disparate elements that make up human nature are comprised of
emotions. If information can’t be encoded into emotion, it can’t form
part of human nature. There appears to be no exceptions to this rule.
Regards
Danny
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Steve Rosenberg (2)
DV: Reply (2)
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Interesting. What's your take on the criticism that evolutionary psychology is guilty
of anthropocentrism because it focuses on humans at the expense
of lower species?
I think that's a valid criticism. Early Christian philosophers
hubristically redefined our own motley collection of instincts
and innate behaviours as 'human nature' to elevate them above the other
animals and support the notion that only 'only humans have souls.' Teem
theory shows that 'human nature' is simply a species-specific library
of teems, something we share with every other teemic species. 'Human
nature', and 'gorilla nature', and even 'worm nature' are all equally
valid as they were all acquired by the same evolutionary process -
teemosis.
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Copyright
2005 by Danny
Vendramini
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